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3. Some Inherent markers in human DNA codes
In fact, in human DNA sequences there exist many long DNA sequence markers composed of hundreds and even thousands of DNA nucleotides. These long sequences exist in the chromosomes of every human being, which were not formed by mutation but were inherent in human beings when they first appeared on earth. For example, the ZFY gene of man’s Y chromosome has 729 completely identical DNA coding sequences, which constitute a single “inherent marker.” Such inherent markers cannot be generated by DNA mutation during human breeding but inherently present in every human beings.
As something which occurs at random, mutation cannot generate completely the same 729 DNA coding sequences in all men. Even the autosomes have “inherent markers” existing in all men and women. The inherent markers do not function to recognize the different races but allows scientists to search for the origin of mankind.
The focus of Molecular anthropology research is on genetic markers in DNA, containing “mutation markers” and “inherent markers” for scientists to trace the origin, distribution of human beings as well serve as official records of human historical archives.
Other species also have the aforementioned “mutation markers” and “inherent markers”. These DNA genetic markers are the most authoritative and most accurate evidence of the origin, categorization and migration for all living species.
4. NCBI-GenBank DNA repository of all living beings
The GenBank of the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) is the largest data bank of biological DNA in the world. For over 30 years, this information bank with millions of biological DNA coding sequences–was formed by the collective efforts of millions of scientific researchers. These coding sequences come from laboratories worldwide, containing genetic information on human beings and other tens of thousands of non-human species.
Researchers from every corner of the world can directly submit their respective biological DNA sequences to GenBank. However, rather than immediate publication, the data has to be compared and verified by a group of experts at GenBank before publication to ensure reliability of the data.
Meanwhile, everyone on earth has the ability to directly access all DNA data at GenBank. This database has significantly accelerated our understanding of the mystery of human beings and other related species. Moreover, it started the DNA decoding era of anthropological and other biological research which will be covered in upcoming chapters.
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5. Development of Molecular Antrhopology
The development of molecular anthropology has been very difficult. Why are there so few people going into the field of molecular anthropology? It is considered a “cold field” in research primarily because the dearth of derive economic benefits from studying this discipline. When compared to the “hot field” in research, there is a vast difference in terms of research funding. Also, there are very few colleges or universities which offer this course.
Nevertheless, in the past 20 years, the team of molecular anthropologists is gradually growing stronger at many traditionally well known academic institutions and organizations.
Here is a brief introduction of some institutions.
(1) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (The Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, abbreviated CSHL)
This institution is located on the island of Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Its major scientific achievement is in the area of molecular biology. A total of seven Nobel prize winners came from this institution.
(2) USA National Geographic Society
In 2005, the IBM Corporation and National Geographic Society to Launch
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the Genographic Project. Spending hundreds million of dollars in research funding, its mission is to address the following questions: Who are we? What is the origins of mankind? How did we populate the earth? This project involved 11 prestigious research laboratories, universities and experts in relevant research disciplines. The head of the project was Dr. Spencer Wells, the author of “The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey”
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In a few years’ time, they have analyzed more than 580,000 DNA samples around the world. At the present, they still collect approximately 10,000 every month. In the National Geographic Society website we can read the answer to the question concerning how mankind populate our earth: “We are all descendents from a common African ancestor who lived only 140,000 years ago.”
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Reference website:
https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/science-behind/
(3) Family Tree DNA
This is how the Genographic Project introduces this company:
Family Tree DNA (FTDNA), a leading genetic testing company, partners with National Geographic on public participation testing for the project. Family Tree DNA also works with the Genographic Project to help address individual questions from public participants regarding participation and results. More information on Family Tree DNA can be found at
Website: https://www.familytreedna.com/
(4) Genome Research
Genome Research is an electronic journal published by the Cold Harbor Laboratory publisher. The results of many major molecular biological research could be found on its website: http://genome.cshlp.org/
(5) The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG)
The key members of this organization include: MIT Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research, Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, Stanford University, University of Arizona, Science and Technology Agency in Japan, Pakistan Biological and Research Center, University of Edinburgh, the University of Florida Research Institute. This organization was established in March 2005 with a current membership of 8,000 from the United States, UK, China, France, Germany, Australia, India and 70 other countries. Many of the members are well-known molecular anthropologists.
Website: http://www.isogg.org/
(6) PhyloTree.org
This website was created, updated and maintained by the University of
Rotterdam Medical Center in the Netherlands. At the present time, it contains a large database on maternal mitochondria. The information is both accurate and complete. It is an important resource for mitochondria research.
Website: http://www.phylotree.org/
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(7) DNAweekly
There are hundreds of DNA tests out there. And all claim to be the highest quality, the most accurate, and the most informative. But most are lying.
Our group of researchers tried over 100 of the best DNA tests on the market across all categories – ancestry, diet and fitness, health and wellness, and pets – and rated each on its accuracy, functionality, and overall value. After spending several months compiling and fact-checking the data, we’re finally able to bring to you this list of the top ten at-home DNA tests.
Website: https://www.dnaweekly.com/
(8) Statistics on DNA Samples Already Collected and Analyzed.
Based on the theories of “Y-chromosome Adam” and “Mitochondrial Eve”, there are many organizations and companies around the world engaged in DNA geneology testing to help individuals seek their origins. Curently, there are over two million samples in the databases.
databases.
It is apparent that molelcular anthropology is founded on the theory of a large number of DNA decoding. It is absolutely credible. The conclusions in this book is based on the research reports drawn from prestigious journals. Most of the material in this book is not available in the current textbooks. If these new scientific results exceeds your expectation, please don’t be alarmed. From the very beginning of the human genome research, there was an international consensus that all research results will be transparent and shared. Therefore, most of the cited references are available on the web for you to determine their authenticity.
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