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Part 2- Looking forScientific Adam and Scientific Eve

Page1  Looking for the Y-Chromosome Adam

The code within the human blood:

In China, it has long been recognized that genetic relationships between parents and children lies in the blood. A traditional Chinese opera titled as "Three Drops of Blood " had a story that goes like this: Around two hundred years ago, a Chinese magistrate, in his attempt to identify the parent-child relationship introduced a "father and son each drip their blood into a bowl of water" method. He believes that if it ’s a true father-son relationship, their blood can mix together.This resulted in the separation of the father and his true son by birth.   Obviously this is an example of how this concept could fail if applied improperly.

 In the beginning of the last century, an Austrian doctor, Karl Landsteiner discovered that human blood have A, B, O, AB four types. And he established the formula for blood type inheritance and his effort won him the Nobel Prize in 1930.  This was the first recognition by scientific methods that human blood contains genetic relationships.  After the discovery of DNA, our understanding of human genetic inheritance took further step forward.  A DNA-based paternity testing method began to be established.

1. Approaching from Paternity test methods:

 VII.Our Paternal genetic tree

According to results of recent research, the drawing illustrates a new Y-Chromosome Paternal genetic tree.

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Figure 2-5 The Paternal genetic tree.

For example: Above the European haplogroup R1, one sees the M173 genetic marker. Looking upward from this marker, one sees M207, M45, M9 and then M89, M143, M168, M139, M94, M42 until we meet our great, great, great grandfather, the “Y chromosome Adam”. Regions of the world paternal genetic family may be different, but we eventually congregate at the top "Y-Chromosome Adam".

See: http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_YDNA_SNP_Index11.html        

Over the last decade, The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) releases an annual update of the latest Y chromosome phylogenetic  tree (http://www.isogg.org/tree/indexEN.html). Moreover, the  “Genomic Research Laboratory” of the world renown Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory regularly releases all the new research results related to the Y chromosome phylogenetic  tree on their websites:

http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf-docs/2009-Y-Chromosome-Phylogenetic-Tree.pdf 

The two published structures results are very close, but there contained some marked differences in the name. The name of the differences in the comparison table can be found on the website.
http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_YDNA_SNP_Index11.html

 “The Paternal genetic tree.” is the overall result of the confirmation of father-son relationship throughout the entire world.  It is a three dimentional framework of human history through time and space.

Reference:

1. Dorit RL, Akashi H, Gilbert W.  “Absence of polymorphism at the ZFY locus on the human Y chromosome.”Science 268:1183–1185 1955¡£

2. Ann Gibbons,“Y Chromosome Shows That Adam Was an African” Science 31 October 1997.

3. Spencer Wells,“The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey”book Part 3.

4. Rebecca L. Cann, Mark Stoneking & Allan C. Wilson, "Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution," Nature, 01 January 1987.

5. Underhill PA, et al. “Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations”,Nature America Inc.2000.

6.“Sequence information for the 167 Y chromosome markers described ”--Stanford University.

7.See “Y-DNA SNP Index – 2011”, The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) ,

http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_YDNA_SNP_Index11.html

8. Haplogroup: Haplogroup is a group of populations  that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation .